BorinquenUSA.com exists because most Americans on the mainland do not know that 3.2 million of their fellow citizens cannot vote for the president who commands them to war, or for the Congress that writes the laws they live under.
This is not a niche legal footnote. It is an active, ongoing condition — sustained not by debate, but by silence. Puerto Rico’s political status rarely appears in mainland classrooms, newsrooms, or dinner-table conversations. When it does, it is often treated as a distant island issue rather than what it actually is: an unresolved question of American democracy itself.
Our mission is simple. We write for the mainland reader who has never had a reason to think about the Insular Cases, the Jones–Shafroth Act, or why a Puerto Rican who moves to Orlando gains a vote that same person loses the moment they return home. We believe that once this architecture is explained clearly — its origins, its legal reasoning, and its consequences — it becomes very difficult to defend, and very difficult to ignore.
We are not aligned with any single political party or status quo solution. Statehood, independence, and enhanced commonwealth all have serious advocates on the island, and legitimate arguments behind them. What we insist on is that the current arrangement — citizenship without representation, indefinitely — is not a legitimate option. It was never voted on. It was constructed by the Supreme Court over a century ago, using language even its defenders today admit was “odious,” “rotten,” and “wrong.” That it persists is not a reflection of consensus. It is a reflection of inertia, and inertia only changes when enough people start asking why.
That is the work of this site: to bring that question to the mainland, one reader at a time.
Primary Sources
Jones–Shafroth Act — Full Text (PDF)
Downes v. Bidwell — Wikipedia Summary
Balzac v. Porto Rico — Full Opinion (PDF)
Balzac v. Porto Rico — Chief Justice Taft's Opinion (FindLaw)
Plessy v. Ferguson — National Archives
Modern Day Opinions by Supreme Court Justices
United States v. Vaello-Madero — Wikipedia
Veneno v. United States — Cornell Law
Further Reading
Jones–Shafroth Act — Wikipedia
Balzac v. Porto Rico — Wikipedia
The Insular Cases — Wikipedia
U.S. Department Of Justice
Letter From the Assistant Attorney General
Borinquén, USA. All Rights Reserved.